Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Simple Present Tense

Pengertian

Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Bentuk kata kerja ini paling sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. 

Penjelasan dan Rumus Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb “be” (is, am, are). Apa itu verb-1? Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es khusus untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it).

Dengan demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Kalimat Rumus Simple Present Tense Contoh Simple Present Tense positif (+) S + V-1 S +/- auxiliary(do/does) + bare infinitive S + be(am/is/are) She likes eating out The children are naughty. negatif (-) S + aux. verb(do/does) + not + bare infinitive S + be(am/is/are) + not She doesn’t like eating out The children aren’t naughty interogatif (?) Do/Does + S + bare infinitive Be(am/is/are) + S Does she like eating out Are the children naughty

Catatan:

Pada kalimat positif, normalnya auxiliary verb (do/does) tidak digunakan, melainkan hanya digunakan jika perlu untuk memberi penekanan pada keharusan melakukan aksi kata kerja.

Simple Present Tense vs Present Continuous Tense

Aktivitas atau kejadiaan pada simple present tense terjadi pada saat ini (present) namun tidak benar-benar sedang berlangsung seperti present continuous tense. Berikut perbandingannya.

• Simple present tense: He sleeps without a pillow. (Dia tidur tanpa bantal. ≈ habit)
• Present continuous tense: He is sleeping without a pillow. (Dia sedang tidur tanpa bantal)

Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense

Beberapa fungsi dan contoh kalimat simple present tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense Simple present tense untuk menyatakan habitual action (kebiasaan) dimana sering digunakan adverb of frequency (always, often, usually, every day/week, month, all the time, etc) sebagai time signals. He always consumes low GI rice. (Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.) She sends much money to her parents in the village every month. (Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di desa setiap bulan.) Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak terbantahkan) The sun rises from the east and sets in the west. (Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk barat.) Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius. (Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.) Simple present tense digunakan untuk membuat simple statement yang berlaku general (berlaku kapan saja) maupun tidak general (menggunakan verb be). I live in Jakarta. (Saya tinggal di Jakarta) She is so beautiful. (Dia sangat cantik.) He’s angry. (Dia marah.) [tidak general: terjadi sekarang] Simple present tense menggunakan stative verb (non-action verb) untuk menyatakan perasaan (feeling), indera (sense), pikiran (mental state), dan kepemilikan (possession) She loves dancing. (Dia suka menari.) I see tears in your eyes. (Saya melihat air mata di matamu.) We agree with the speaker’s opinion. (Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.) My brother owns a new house. (Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.) Simple present tense digunakan untuk membicarakan rencana atau jadwal di masa depan namun memiliki jangka waktu dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya membicarakan tentang transportasi atau event. Verb yang biasa digunakan antara lain: arrive, come, & leave. The ship leaves the harbour this night at 7 o’clock. (Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.) He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm. (Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.) The ceremony starts at nine. (Upacara dimulai jam sembilan.) Simple present tense digunakan untuk memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi. You add a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil it. (Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.) You go straight ahead then turn left. (Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.) Simple present tense digunakan pada if conditional tipe 1. If you meet the naughty boy, your parents will be angry. (Jika kamu bertemu dengan anak nakal itu, orangtuamu akan marah.) I will go swimming if I have free time. (Saya akan pergi berenang jika ada waktu.)

Simple Past Tense

Pengertian

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik. Adapun simple past tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 2. 

Rumus Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb]

Dengan demikian rumus simple past tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Jenis Kalimat Rumus Contoh Simple Past Tense positif (+) S + Verb-2 (past tense) S + be(was/were) The teacher came I was a stamp collector negatif (-) S + did + not + bare infinitive S + be(was/were) + not The teacher didn’t come I wasn’t a stamp collector interogatif (?) Did + S + bare infinitive be(was/were) + S Did the teacher come Was I a stamp collector

Contoh Simple Past Tense

Beberapa contoh kalimat simple past tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi Contoh kalimat Simple Past Tense Simple past tense untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu tertentu di masa lampau. For (preposition) dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan periode waktu kejadian. Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago. (Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.) Did he come on time yesterday? (Apakah dia datang tepat waktu kemarin?) The party started at 10.00 a.m. (Pesta mulai jam sepuluh pagi.) Did you sleep enough last night? (Apa kamu cukup tidur semalam?) I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years. (Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.) Simple past tense untuk membicarakan kebiasaan pada masa lampau. When (subordinate conjunction) biasanya digunakan pada situasi ini. I often did exercise in the gym when I lived in Bandung. (Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.) When I was a senior high school student, I always got up at 4 am to study. (Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam 4 pagi untuk belajar.) Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung. I was reading a journal in the library when someone burped out loud. (Saya sedang membaca jurnal di perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.) Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi yang telah selesai (past perfect tense). I had already finished my breakfast when he picked me up. (Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.) Simple past tense digunakan pada if conditional tipe 2. If she studied hard, she would be pass. (Jika dia belajar keras, dia akan lulus.) I would buy a sport car if I had much money. (Saya akan membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.)

Ada beberapa fungsi dari simple past tense yaitu :

1. Menyatakan kegiatan / aktivitas yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau. Biasanya si pelaku dalam kalimat tidak menyatakan kapan aktivitas tersebut berakhir. Contoh :
- I saw a movie yesterday.
- Did you have your dinner last night?
- He did not wash his car.
2. Menyatakan beberapa kegiatan yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau. Biasanya jumlah kegiatannya lebih dari satu. Contoh :
- I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim
- He arrived from the airport at 08.00 Am, checked into the hotel at 09.00 Am, and met others at 10.00 Am
- Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then eggs?
3. Menyatakan jangka waktu dari kegiatan yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau. Durasi waktu yang dijelaskan biasanya lama. Bisa dua tahun,
- I lived in Brazil for two years
- Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
4. Menyatakan kebiasaan yang terjadi dan sudah berhenti di waktu lampau. Bentuk ini sama dengan “Used to”. Biasanya kita menambahkan keterangan waktu seperti always, often, usually. Contoh :
- I studied Japanese language when I was child.
- She worked at movie theater, when she was in junior high school.
5. Menyatakan kebenaran umum yang pernah terjadi di masa lampau yang sudah tidak terjadi lagi. Contoh :
- She was shy as a child , but now she is easy going/
- He did not like tomatoes before.

Simple Future Tense

Pengertian

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana. Adapun simple future tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 1. 

Rumus Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense dibentuk dari modal “will” atau “shall” dan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) atau dibentuk dari auxiliary verb “be” (am, is, are) , present participle “going”, dan infinitive.  Apa itu infinitive? Infinitive merupakan bare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa diawali ”to”.

Dengan demikian rumus simple future tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Jenis Kalimat Rumus Contoh Simple Future Tense positif (+) S + will + bare infinitive S + be(am/is/are) + going + infinitive You will win They are going to come negatif (-) S + will + not + bare infinitive S + be(am/is/are) + not + going + infinitive You won’t win They aren’t going to come interogatif (?) Will + S + bare infinitive Be(am/is/are) + S + going + infinitive ? Will you win Are they going to come

Simple Future Tense dan Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense (selain verb “go”) dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi di masa depan seperti simple future tense:

I’m presenting the weekly report at today’s meeting.

Selain itu, kombinasi auxiliary will dan be+present participle juga dapat digunakan untuk menghindari nada tidak sabar (impatient) atau mendesak (insistent). Kalimat akan terdengar impatient/insistent jika hanya ada “will” (tanpa be+present participle) karena stress (penekanan) hanya terjadi pada kata tersebut.

When will you present it?

When will you be presenting it?

Contoh Kalimat Simple Future Tense

Beberapa contoh kalimat simple future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi Contoh kalimat Simple Future Tense Simple future tense (will) untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan untuk melakukan sesuatu (tanpa rencana). Wait a minute. I will change my clothes. (Tunggu sebentar. Saya akan mengganti baju.) You look nervous. I’ll give you a glass of water. (Kamu tampak cemas. Saya akan memberimu segelas air.) Simple future tense (will) untuk memerediksi masa depan (tanpa rencana). The doom will not happen in 2014. (Kiamat tidak akan terjadi pada tahun 2014.) Which hotels do you think will offer the best service? (Hotel yang mana yang kamu pikir akan menawarkan pelayanan terbaik?) He’ll be angry. (Dia akan marah.) The sandstorm will come. (Badai pasir akan datang.) I think he will pass. (Saya pikir dia akan lulus.) Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan arrangement (rencana yang sudah dipikirkan dan dibahas dengan orang lain). I’m visiting South Korea tomorrow. (Saya akan mengunjungi Korea Selatan besok.) She’s going to the physiotherapist next monday. (Dia akan ke fisioterapis senin depan.) Simple future tense dengan “going+to” untuk menyatakan intention (rencana dimasa depan yang sudah dipikirkan sebelumnya). I’m going to send this letter tomorrow. (Saya akan mengirimkan surat ini besok.) He is going to go to French to continue his study. (Dia akan pergi ke Perancis untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya.) Simple future tense digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional type 1. I will come if they invite me. (Saya akan datang jika mereka mengundang saya.)

Present perfect tense

Pengertian

Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang. 

Rumus Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “have” atau “has”, dan past participle (verb-3). Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we, sedangkan has untuk he, she, it, dan orang ketiga tunggal. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular maupun regular verb.

Dengan demikian rumus present perfect tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Kalimat Rumus Contoh Present Perfect Tense positif (+) S + aux. verb(have/has) + V-3/past participle I have read He has left negatif (-) S + aux. verb(have/has) + not + V-3/past participle I have not read He hasn’t left interogatif (?) aux. verb(have/has) + S + V-3/past participle Have I read Has he left

Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense

Beberapa contoh kalimat present perfect tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan kejadian di masa lalu tanpa peduli kapan tepatnya terjadi. Can you recommend the most delicious seafood restaurant in this town? Yes, I’ve visited all of them. (Dapatkah kamu merekomendasikan restoran seafood paling lezat di kota ini? Ya, saya telah mengunjungi semuanya.) I’ve read this book. (Saya sudah membaca buku ini.) Present perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi berulang kali dimasa lampau (adverb of number dapat digunakan). She has called you three times. (Dia sudah meneleponmu tiga kali.) Present perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan aktivitas atau situasi yang dimulai pada masa lampau kemudian dilanjutkan sampai sekarang (belum selesai). I have lived in Cilegon for 3 months. (Saya telah tinggal di Cilegon selama 3 bulan.) She has studied in French since April. (Saya telah sekolah di Perancis sejak bulan April.) My brother has worked already/lately/ up to now. (Saudaraku sudah bekerja sampai sekarang.) Present perfect tense untuk membicarakan event yang baru saja terjadi ( adverb “just” dapat digunakan). I’ve just sent you an email. (Saya baru saja mengirimkan kamu email.) The rain’s just stopped. (Hujan baru saja berhenti.) [the rain's = the rain has; lihat contraction & apostrophe]

.                    TENSES FORMS

1.       I spend my money

a. I spent my money

b. I will spend my money

c. I have spent my money

2.       They use that one

a. They used that one

b. They will use that one

c. They have used that one

3.       We study English together

a. We studied English together

b. We will study English together

c. We have studied English together

4.       They discuss their work

a. They discussed their work

b. They will discuss their work

c. They have discussed their work

5.       They have enough time

a. They had enough time

b. They will have enough time

c. They have had enough time

6.       I do all of the lessons

a. I did all of the lessons

b. I will do all of the lessons

c. I have done all of the lessons

7.       He sits in that row

a. He sat in that row

b. He will sit in that row

c. He has sat in that row

8.       I drive my car

a. I drove my car

b. I will drive my car

c. I have driven my car

9.       She hides her money

a. She hid her money

b. She will hide her money

c. She has hidden her money

10.   We go to school

a. We went to school

b. We will go to school

c. We have gone to school

11.   He takes much time

a. He took much time

b. He will take much time

c. He has taken much time

12.   Does he eat there?

a. Did he eat there?

b. Will he eat there?

c. Has he eaten there?

13.   Do you enjoy that work?

a. Did you enjoy that work?

b. Will you enjoy that work?

c. Have you enjoyed that work?

14.   Does he write many letters?

a. Did he write many letters?

b. Will he write many letters?

c. Has he written many letters?

15.   Do you send many letters?

a. Did you send many letters?

b. Will you send many letters?

c. Have you sent many letters?

16.   Do they explain everything?

a. Did they explain everything?

b. Will they explain everything?

c. Have they explained everything?

17.   Does she attend that class?

a. Did she attend that class?

b. Will she attend that class?

c. Has she attended that class?

18.   Do you have enough time?

a. Did you have enough time?

b. Will you have enough time?

c. Have you had enough time?

19.   Do they copy the sentences?

a. Did they copy the sentences?

b. Will they copy the sentences?

c. Have they copied the sentences?

20.   Does she have much trouble?

a. Did she has much trouble?

b. Will she has much trouble?

c. Has she had much trouble?

21.   Does she do good work?

a. Did she do good work?

b. Will she do good work?

c. Has she done good work?

22.   Do the students practice?

a. Did the students practice?

b. Will the students practice?

c. Have the students practiced?

23.   I don’t stay there

a. I didn’t stay there

b. I won’t stay there

c. I haven’t stay there

24.   He doesn’t work hard

a. He didn’t work hard

b. He won’t work hard

c. He hasn’t work hard

25.   I don’t have any energy

a. I didn’t have any energy

b. I won’t have any energy

c. I haven’t had any energy

26.   He doesn’t pay his bills

a. He didn’t pay his bills

b. He won’t pay his bills

c. He hasn’t paid his bills

27.   We don’t see that fellow

a. We didn’t see that fellow

b. We won’t see that fellow

c. We haven’t seen that fellow

28.   She doesn’t use this one

a. She didn’t use this one

b. She won’t use this one

c. She hasn’t used this one

29.   They don’t remember it

a. They didn’t remember it

b. They won’t remember it

c. They haven’t remembered it

30.   I don’t do much work there

a. I didn’t do much work there

b. I won’t do much work there

c. I haven’t done much work there

31.   He doesn’t listen carefully

a. He didn’t listen carefully

b. He won’t listen carefully

c. He hasn’t listened carefully

II.                  USING IRREGULAR VERBS

1.       Mr. Harris taught English at this school for five years

Mr. Harris has taught English at this school for five years

2.       I (write) three or four letters to that company

I have written three or four letters to that company

3.       The students in this class (do) those two lessons already

The students in this class have done those two lessons already

4.       I (know) Professor Moore for more than twelve years

I have known Professor Moore for more than twelve years

5.       Richard (take) three courses in English at this school

Richard has taken three courses in English at this school

6.       These steps are dangerous. I (fall) on them several times

These steps are dangerous I have fallen on them several times

7.       Mr. Kramer (be) in the United States for three years

Mr. Kramer has been in the United States for three years

8.       The janitor (shut, already) the back door

The janitor has already shut the back door

9.       The students (read) all of the stories in that book

The students have read all of the stories in that book

10.   Marjorie (choose) a pretty dress for the party

Marjorie has chosen a pretty dress for the party

11.   I (speak) to my boss about the problem several times

I have spoken to my boss about the problem several times

12.   That tree (grow) at least five feet since last year

That tree has grown at least five feet since last year

13.   Miss King (spend) over eighteen hundred dollars since May

Miss King has spent over eighteen hundred dollars since May

14.   Mr. and Mrs. Smith (buy) a new house in North Plains

Mr. and Mrs. Smith have bought a new house in North Plains

15.   The real estate agent (sell) the Smith’s old house

The real estate agent has sold the Smith’s old house

16.   Charles (have) a bad cold for a whole week

Charles has had a bad cold for a whole week

17.   I’m sorry. I (forget) the name of that book

I’m sorry. I have forgotten the name of that book

18.   We (hear, already) that new song several times

We have already heard that new song several times

19.   Mr. Wilson isn’t here. He (go) out of town for the weekend

Mr. Wilson isn’t here. He has gone out of town for the weekend

20.   Mr. Kennedy (wear) his blue suit to the office only twice

Mr. Kennedy has worn his blue suit to the office only twice

21.   I (sit) in this same seat since the first day of classes

I have sat in this same seat since the first day of classes

22.   The money isn’t in this drawer. Someone (steal) it!

The money isn’t in this drawer. Someone has stolen it!

23.   Up to now, I (understand) every lesson in the book

Up to now, I have understood every lesson in the book

24.   We (have) absolutely no trouble with our car so far

We have had absolutely no trouble with our car so far

25.   No one (find) that girl’s purse and gloves yet

No one has found that girl’s purse and gloves yet

26.   The weather (be) very warm ever since last Thursday

The weather has been very warm ever since last Thursday

27.   Mr. Anderson and Mr. Brown (have) lunch already

Mr. Anderson and Mr. Brown have had lunch already

28.   I ( see) the Empire State Building hundreds of times

I have seen the Empire State Building hundreds of times

29.   We (speak, already) to the director and (give) him the message

We have already spoken to the director and have given him the message

30.   Grandmother (fly, never) in an airplane before

Grandmother has never flown in an airplane before

31.   You (tear) your shirt! There’s a hole in the left sleeve

You have torn your shirt! There’s a hole in the left sleeve

32.   I (read, already) the customer’s letter and (write) a reply to him

I have already read the customer’s letter and have written a reply to him

 Referensi : www.wordsmile.com